Computer Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

PC Systems - Essay Example dealing with ordinary models like network, bolster autonomic highlights and utilized based on charging utilities, yet the possibility of a cloud is nearly extraordinary and inverse to the highlights of matrix, for instance SaaS, Utility Computing and so forth. Cloud guarantees the accessibility of all the necessary engineering including application, equipment, stage, programming and required measure of stockpiles through a responsibility for appropriate web association. Empowers individuals to get to the necessary data through any gadget that has a web association as opposed to being joined to the work area. It is likewise financially savvy as it doesn’t require introducing equipment or programming. Influential thought behind distributed computing will be processing by administration arranged structures (SOA) †moving of a fused and sorted out assortment of capacities to clients by mean of both uninhibitedly and immovably coupled purposes, or administrations †the vast majority of which are organize based. Virtualized framework empowers the turn of events and sending of uses significantly simpler, hence expanding the dependable extent of these applications attainable inside apportioned financial plan and authoritative controls.. Virtual framework additionally grows unwavering quality, productivity and quality by including similitudes inside application prerequisites and helps the composed sharing of administrations. Presently a day, pretty much every business action requires Information Technology and its administrations in any structure accessible. Innovation needs to create end-client proficiency and diminishing Technology-driven overhead Administration Oriented Architectures is certifiably not another idea, yet in the ongoing years it has increased an impressive consideration. Instances of whatever early that depended on SOA are Object Request Brokers (ORBs), DCOM and Remote Procedure Calls (RPC). Latest model of SOA is known as Grid Computing arrangement and foundations. In a Service Oriented Architecture condition associations or client demand an Information Technology

Russian and Chechnyan conflict Essay -- essays research papers

Clashes in a nation happen wherever on the planet. Russia and Chechnya's contention is one example.There were numerous reasons and factors that drove this contention to develop into a war. Both Russia and Chechnya had various objectives and interests that they attempted to accomplish. This drove them to contradict each other and consider one another to be adversaries. Coming up next is a full investigation of the contention, which clarifies the foundation factors, which added to it. The Chechnya-Russia strife, can be increasingly comprehended by looking to the past. The recorded foundation is expected to show the entire image of the war. The region in the southern Russia was known as the Caucasus locale. Numerous non-Russian ethnic gatherings lived there. Everything started when the dictators began a 300-year endeavor to vanquish the Northern Caucasus in 1560. They neglected to assume control over Chechnya and different zones of the Caucasus in light of the fact that the Ottoman Empire had vanquished them. The Chechens changed over to Islam when they became under the Ottomans rule. Russia despite everything didn't surrender. It made more grounded endeavors to attack the zone lastly constrained the withdrawal of the Ottomans by 1785.After winning the Caucasian War, the Russian government forced numerous individuals to leave from Chechnya to various Muslim nations of the Middle East. In 1877,1920,and 1929 the Chechens made fruitless resistance endeavors against the emperors and later Soviet forces. Their fundamental objective behind this was to oppose unification, hostile to religion battles, and Russification. B...

Finding Essay Topics That Will Get You Through College

Finding Essay Topics That Will Get You Through CollegeDefining and justifying an evaluation essay is an integral part of your academic career. However, you can be quite sure that many college and university professors will not consider an evaluation essay an adequate means of defending your academic record or an explanation for why you are in their program. This does not necessarily mean they will have to back off from giving you their attention, but it does mean that you have to think long and hard about how you write an evaluation essay. Once you know what aspects of your performance are considered by the professor to be pertinent to the standards of the program, you can begin to formulate an argument.One of the first things you have to decide upon when drafting an evaluation essay is the fact that the assessment must be based on actual work, rather than just common sense. If you are not prepared to prove that you have done your work, you can hardly expect to get your work accepted . Be aware that you will not be allowed to employ common-sense assessments during your acceptance requirements. You must be willing to provide a concrete example of your work. Otherwise, you might end up getting rejected without ever knowing why.When it comes to how to frame a specific issue, remember that it is always best to start out with a question. You should try to avoid starting the essay off with an answer. Doing so will give the impression that the essay was written before the issue in question was resolved. Your essay should be framed in such a way that it should be appealing to the reader.The length of your evaluation essay is a very important factor. College and university professors will likely want to see a minimum of 500 words; however, you are not obliged to write as long as this. Don't be tempted to make it so long that it becomes incomprehensible; though, on the other hand, don't go over the top either.Some of the topics that you may want to explore our personal ba ckground, the teacher's style, the content of the course, the curriculum, the teacher's training, and most importantly, your academic background. If you have been able to retain the information within the syllabus, then you can rest assured that your opinion is considered. If not, it will take some research in order to find the information within the syllabus.In order to qualify as a valid evaluation essay, your opinions must be written honestly and openly. Many times, students will embellish the facts to avoid criticism. You must speak only the truth when submitting an evaluation essay. If you do not, then you run the risk of being taken advantage of by those who wish to compromise.Finally, when writing your evaluation essay, you must put an emphasis on the fact that your opinions are your own and you are not beholden to anyone for your admission. Being honest is always the best policy. Once you are assured that the opinion you present is yours, then you can put some thought into t he background and professional experiences of the individuals involved.You should not fear going into areas that you would have previously avoided; the more you understand the issues, the better your evaluation essay will be. It is not too late to learn from your mistakes, and you can still put some effort into your evaluation essay. Just make sure you are ready to express your thoughts before the deadline.

Restorative Justice Essay - 954 Words

Restorative justice is an innovative approach to the criminal justice system that focuses on repairing the harm caused by crimes committed. The methods used in the conventional justice system may deter the offender from committing further crimes, but it does neither repair the harm caused, nor help them acknowledge their responsibility, instead it stigmatises them, worsening the situation instead of improving it (Johnstone 2003). â€Å"Stigmatisation is the kind of shaming that creates outcasts; it is disrespectful, humiliating† (p.85). It breaks the moral bonds between offender and community and can result in the creation of a destructive cycle that may result in fear and isolation. The shaming by stigmatisation creates a negative effect which†¦show more content†¦Procedural Justice Theory basis itself on the perception of respect and fairness for the offender, thus, the reason why conferences are used, they emphasise communication and offer support to both, the offe nder and the victim. Unacknowledged Shame Theory is seen in a perspective that shame can cause a destructive emotion and can promote crime instead of preventing it if it is not managed positively. By using apology in return for forgiveness symbolises that reparation can commence (Braithwaite, 2004). Defiance Theory is when the offender feels powerless and believes he/she will be humiliated. The experience of being exposed to disapproval of their behaviour may provoke some levels of deviance, however, as the session progresses and the offender expresses his/hers feelings, empathy develops between the parties, the environment becomes more reconciliatory, thus reducing deviance. James Dignan’s concepts related to offenders, but mostly, related to victims. In his work â€Å"The victim in restorative justice† (2007), he argues that restorative justice â€Å"has a tendency to focus primarily on offenders and reconviction rates rather than on victim-related concerns† (p.309). Dignan goes on explaining that only after Braithwaite’s theory became more developed in Australia and New Zealand, the role of victims became clearer (Dignan, 2007). He says that there are beneficial distinctions between reciprocal benefits and one-sided benefits, depending on the interaction of theShow MoreRelatedRestorative Justice1645 Words   |  7 PagesRestorative Justice Restorative Justice is an alternative to the traditional system. Even though restorative justice will never replace the traditional system, it has a balanced focus on the person harmed, the person causing the harm and the affected community, rather than just the crime through the eyes of the law. Restorative Justice is always voluntary for the victims, and the offenders have to be willing to cooperate and they have to want to do this. Restorative Justice is a forward-lookingRead MoreImportance of Restorative Justice in the Entire Justice Process1049 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Restorative Justice in the Entire Justice Process Every judicial organization has a duty to deliver justice to the affected victims. This happens in many ways that include jailing the offenders for life, compensation of the victims and now the restoration of the victim and the offender. In restorative justice, the offenders must accept the accountability of all what he did to the victim (power point notes). In addition to the accountability, the offenders are responsible for the sameRead MoreThe Justice And Restorative Justice1621 Words   |  7 Pagesproviding rationale for restorative justice (337). Crimes committed by young individuals are often minor, first-time acts which can be mediated and addressed through the proactive administration of restorative rehabilitation, which often prevents recidivism. Restorative justice is a process where all parties involved in a particular offense come together in order to collectively resolve the aftermath and future implications of the specific crime (Roche 343). Restorative justice is th e the ideal responseRead MoreThe Effects Of Restorative Justice On Juvenile Recidivism1407 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Current research available on the effects of restorative justice on juvenile recidivism range from meta-analyses of multiple studies to individual program studies. According to Bradshaw and Roseborough (2005), â€Å"The use of meta-analytic methods provides a useful means for summarizing diverse research findings across restorative justice studies and synthesizing these findings in an objective manner.† (p. 19). Four meta-analytic studies reveal an overall reduction in juvenile recidivismRead MoreRestorative Justice Model And Domestic Violence924 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversy over the effectiveness and place of restorative justice however it has begun to infiltrate legislation. In Kansas K.S.A. 21-5414 (Domestic Battery) recently passed the requirement that all domestic violence offenders are required to undergo assessment and treatment from a certified batterers intervention program; a form of restorative justice. With this in mind the focus of subsequent discussion wil l be around defining terminology in restorative justice and domestic violence, effectiveness andRead MoreRestorative Justice And Justice System2338 Words   |  10 Pages Restorative justice has some key restorative values that are vital in the restorative justice conference to make the experience ‘restorative’. Concerning addressing victim needs and concerns means for listening, respecting, being non-judgmental, not blaming the victim and apologizing. The RJ system was bought as an alternative to the criminal justice system to give greater emphasis on victim rights and needs, offender accountability and community involvement. Throughout the essay, there will beRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Justice System1044 Words   |  5 PagesRestorative justice has can be seen to have multiple definitions among the most used are: A) a theory of justice that focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior and B) an approach of justice that aims to satisfy the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the entire community. The most broadly accepted definition of restorative justice, however, is a process where all the parties that have equal power in a specific offense and collectively come to a solution on how to deal withRead MoreEssay Restorative Justice: A New Paradigm or a Complementary Model3024 Words   |  13 Pages To what extent has the theory of restorative justice been integrated into Youth Justice practice in England and Wales? Has this gone far enough? The perception by many involved in the justice system in general, and youth justice in particular, is that the present model of punitive retributive justice, often involving incarceration does not work. Indeed, it may be compounding an already huge social problem. This realisation has lead many to look for alternative systems. At present there is aRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Justice System2505 Words   |  11 PagesRESTORATIVE JUSTICE A DEFINITION The Oxford Dictionary defines the word restorative as having the ability to restore (i.e. repair, renovate or reinstate) health, strength or a feeling of well-being. Also, it defines the word justice as the administration of the law or authority in maintaining just behaviour or treatment. Thus, in lay man’s terms restorative justice would mean having the ability to reinstate a feeling of well-being by the administration of the law. Although there is an increasedRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Justice Centres2325 Words   |  10 PagesRestorative Justice(RJ) is a process in by which it takes an alternative form from the traditional CJS and aims to prompt resolution with offender, victims and the wider community in a safe setting. RJ looks at crime in terms of violation against the community and individual rather than a violation against the law (Gabbay, 2005). As with the traditional CJS, the voices of the victims and offenders are very minimal and not adequately addressed to a large extent; restorative justice centres its main

Managerial Economics and Globalization - 997 Words

ECO 550: Managerial Economics and Globalization Assignment 3 Instructor: Dr. A. A. Boakye Due By: 08/08/2011 Candidate’s Name-Andre Stevenson INSTRUCTIONS: Answer ALL the questions in PART I and PART II Part 1 (40 points) 1. The WXY Corporation has fixed costs of $50. Its total variable costs (TVC) vary with output as shown in the following table. Refer to the table. The average total cost of 4 units of output is A. $27.50 B. $40.00 C. $52.50 D. $210.00 2. to scale as it increases its output over any reasonable range. If it increases all its inputs by 10%, its Suppose a particular firm exhibits constant returns A. total cost will increase by less than 10% B. average total cost will increase by†¦show more content†¦If Driver #1 drives left (0,-1000) he will get the same results if Driver #2 drove left (0,-1000). It would be the same result for the right seat for both drivers as well. There is no room for any type of strategy and ultimately no matter which side of the road either drives on they will both equal the same numbers in the results. b. Is there Nash equilibrium in this game? Explain--- there is Nash equilibrium in the above example because no player will benefit from changing their strategy. No matter what information they receive they can no outsmart the other and create some type of advantage. c. Explain why this game is called a cooperative game? Although both Driver 1 and 2 will have a Nash equilibrium whether they choose right or left side of the road it’s still considered a cooperative game. The reason for this is because whether both drivers select left or right side there will still be equilibrium and no desire to change their strategy. Quest1ion 2: Use the table below to answer the following questions. [pic] a. What is the firm’s Total Revenue? In relation to the chart above Total Revenue will be inside the area of the box starting from O-E-J-A. Total Revenue in general is the price of a good or service multiplied by the quantity of the product. b. What is the Total Cost? Total cost is fixed cost and variable cost added up together. It’s the cost that it takes toShow MoreRelatedManagerial Economics and Globalization Eco 5501234 Words   |  5 PagesMaking Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Week 3 Assignment Managerial Economics and Globalization ECO 550 May 9, 2013 Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Report the demographic and independent variables that are relevant to complete a demand analysis providing a rationale for the selection of the variables. As the Marketing and Public Relations Manager for my community, I am conducting research about the demographics of our community. My research will be basedRead MoreAssignment 1 : Managerial Economics And Globalization1338 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment #1: Demand Estimation Richard W. Gaines Strayer University ECO 550 – Managerial Economics and Globalization Dr. Diana G Bonina October 24, 2017 â€Æ' Assignment #1: Demand Estimation Employ this regression equation: Qd= -5200 - 42P + 20PX + 5.2I + 0.20A + 0.25M and compute independent variable elasticities for a leading brand low-calorie, frozen microwavable food company using the following information. Q = Quantity demanded (3-pack units) P = Price = 500 cents PX = Leading competitor’sRead MoreAssignment 2 : Managerial Economics And Globalization1759 Words   |  8 Pages Assignment Two: Operations Decisions ECO 550- Managerial Economics and Globalization Alisha Ball Dr. Agnes Denalane Strayer University Assignment 2: Operation Decisions Introduction In today’s retail food service industry there is a large demand for convenience food. People take less time to cook and with the increase of health issues related to weight management, low calorie options are becoming very popular. Consumers have become more knowledgeable, tech-savvy, and have higherRead MoreBusiness Is An Activity It Requires Management1056 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Business is loosely defined as buying and selling. However business is both an economic and social activity which is done to acquire wealth and serve the society through the provision of goods and services which the society needs. Since business is an activity it requires management. What then is management? Louis Allen defines management as, what a manger does.† And James L, Lundy defines management as the task of planning, coordinating, motivation and controlling the efforts ofRead MoreImpact Of Management On The Globalization Of Business1374 Words   |  6 Pages Impact of management in the globalization of business Ruth Wills University of the People Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show impact of management in the globalization of business. The following topics are addressed in this paper: 1. Definition of Multi-National Corporation 2. Cultures and Norms 3. Management Style and Culture Shock 4. Management Style of a Multi-National Corporation : Toyota Motors 5. Ethical and Economic challenges faced Multinational CorporationRead More Technology Is the Driving Factor for Globalization Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterial basis for its creation’ ( Castells, 2000:77). There are many studies that analyze the links between technology and globalization. Nevertheless, Manuel Castells’ trilogy The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture has received considerable attention and it allows us to have a great understanding of the links between technological development and the global economic and political changes. However, Derek Hrynyshy (2002) reveals that Castells study laps into the ideology of technologicalRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On Business Management Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesBUS 1101: PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT The Impact of Management in Globalization of Business. Globalization is the process in which a business or organization start operating on an international scale. The effects of Globalization have created an immediate change in Business Management. As stated by the website www.ukessays.co.uk â€Å"Globalization on Business Management is interconnection of international markets managing business in a global industry. This includes foreign investments whereRead MoreThe Globalization Of A Multinational Corporation1725 Words   |  7 Pagesother words, multinational companies are going global. Globalization refers to the unification of world economies by removing barriers to international trade, tariffs, export fees by embracing tolerance, understanding of different cultures and customs. This global reach provides new opportunities to expand and improve their products. Managerial Cultures and Norms of a foreign country Many corporations understand the benefits of globalization of business. From a management view, global workforce isRead MoreLife Insurance Industry : India Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesannuity provider. Moreover, growing institutionalization of the financial market has also provided a momentum to boost the life insurance companies. Therefore, a reassessment of the role of life insurance in the context of the changing market and economic environment is required for managing life insurance companies effectively. The Indian market with its one billion plus population, presents lucrative and diverse opportunities for various industries. However, the intricacies that make up this marketRead MoreStakeholder Salience1076 Words   |  5 Pagesstakeholders can be counterproductive and interdependent to decision making. Globalization effects stakeholder’s coalition building and salience in organizations. It is known as an ongoing process or interrelated events of increasing movement of services, goods, and capital across national borders (Lawrence Weber 2011). Stakeholders across organizations build coalitions as a means of increasing salience. Globalization has affected stakeholder coalition building as well as stakeholder salience.

How The African s Ideologies Survived Under European...

The history books harbor numerous accounts of state-run human oppression. The accounts display that the necessity for labor often influenced the practice of coercion and violence. While reviewing the work of Dr. Delridge, L Hunter in The death of the Negro volume I, 2, and 3 it became clear that a degree of unequal actions molded a form of inferior status that shape the Negro call to freedom songs. To name the weapon with which the colonial United States of America brought about unnecessary sorrow, demands we examine the floor plan of this institution called slavery. The project involves discovering how the African’s ideologies survived under European values in the United States of America. The study shows the coercive practices of the Europeans tenets that ensured the involuntary cooperation of the slave. Vautor-Laplaceliere4 Introduction We schlepp around the seed of a unique plant capable of sprouting beneath the harshest of settings. That seed is the strength that is required for survival and is ever-present in the art, music, and literature of the people. The history books harbor numerous interpretations of human oppression. The various versions illustrate that the demand for labor often promoted a practice of distinct dominance. This practice Orlando Patterson a born Jamaican American historian and cultural sociologist describe as the taking away of personal liberty. Since the taking away of personal libertyShow MoreRelatedOppression On The International And National Level1380 Words   |  6 Pagesdominance of the least favorite group. To identify the weapon that caused the unnecessary sorrow in the colonial United States of America is to examine the floor plan of this institution called slavery. The project involves discovering how the African’s ideologies survived under European values in the United St ates of America. The study will display the coercive practices of the Europeans tenets that ensured the involuntary collaboration of the slave. By studying the work of Delridge, L Hunter TheRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Read MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pagesother uses, see  New World Order (disambiguation). The reverse side of the  Great Seal of the United States  (1776). The Latin phrase novus ordo seclorum, appearing on the reverse side of the Great Seal since 1782 and on the back of the  U.S one-dollar bill  since 1935, means New Order of the Ages and only alludes to the beginning of an era where the United States of America is an independent nation-state, but is often improperly translated by conspiracy theorists as New World Order.[1] In  conspiracyRead MoreThe Causes And Consequences Of The French Revolution Essay5309 Words   |  22 Pagesregarded by historians as being one of the most important events in human history. The revolution in France (between 1789 to 1799) accelerated the rise of republics and democracies. It became the â€Å"focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies, leading to the spread of liberalism, nationalism, socialism, feminism, and secularism (among many others).† The French revolution bared witness to the birth of ‘total war’ by organising the resources of France and the lives of its citizens towardsRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesrights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulateRead MoreUnited Nations Role in Conflict Management in Africa: a Case Study of Darfur11729 Words   |  47 Pagesconsuming, it can be a positive force for change and bring an otherwise stagnant relationship out of dormancy into a new life and vitality. Conflict is therefore an outcome of human interaction as a result of disagreement between individuals, parties or states. A conflict situation is characterized by the inability of those concerned to iron out their differences.2 Human wants are unlimited but the means to satisfy these wants are scarce. There is therefore, an inherent struggle in man for greater shareRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesMexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States. As the manager of an electric company and owner of a ranch and mines, Jim expressed contempt for black Americans whoRead MoreBible Versus the Toran12356 Words   |  50 Pages). Ezra returned later with more Jews (458 B.C.) built the temple. 11. NEHEMIAH - Building the walls of Jerusalem. Nehemiah got permission from the King of Persia to rebuild the walls (444 B.C.). Revival in the land. 12. ESTHER - Took place during chapters 6 and 7 of Ezra. Mordecai. Plot to kill the Jewish people. C. POETICAL - 5 BOOKS 1. JOB - A righteous man tested by God. Deals with Gods sovereignty. 2. PSALMS - Consists of 5 divisions. Worship in song. Large variety of subjectsRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 Pagesof the study 2.1 Scope and methodology 4 7 7 3. Racism and individual and collective human rights 3.1 A note on cultural and ethnic identity 9 11 4. Racism: colonial inheritance 4.1 Nicaragua: multiethnic and pluricultural state 4.2 The historic roots of differences, discrimination, and racism 4.2.1 Spanish Conquest and its repercussions in Indigenous cultures of the Pacific, Central and North 4.2.2 English colonization in the Caribbean Coast region 4.2.3 The LiberalRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 PagesThe Studio System Key point about the studio system could be: Despite being one of the biggest industries in the United States, indeed the World, the internal workings of the dream factory that is Hollywood is little understood outside the business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of

Antibody Technology and Cell Culture

Question: In your essay you should discuss; The development of the antibody. How was it made, is it a humanized, chimeric or human antibody. As these antibodies should all be monoclonals I would expect a brief overview of how monoclonal antibodies are produced. A brief mention of the company who produce the antibody, are they a big biopharmaceutical company? The uses of the antibody. Is it just used for one particular disease? If not what are the other diseases or conditions it is used for and why is it able to treat more than one condition? What are the mechanisms of action of this antibody? How does it work, what are the pathways that the antibody works on? You should also consider how effective the antibody is as a drug and you could mention the extent of its current usage. Answer: The antibody or also known as immunoglobulin is a type of protein produced by the plasma cells of the human body. It is one of the major components of the human immune system. In recent years, antibodies are widely used in the clinical domain for various diseases. Target therapy for cancer treatment is one of the most notable examples of these sorts of therapeutic application (Barouch et al. 2013). Other applications include antibody-drug conjugates that are also used for various purposes. Apart from this, antibodies are used in disease diagnosis, monoclonal antibody therapy, Prenatal treatment, etc. Antibodies are used widely in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, colorectal cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, head and neck cancer and breast cancer. It is also used in many immune deficiency diseases such as hypogammaglobulinemia, X-linked agammaglobulinemia by introducing antibodies into the body (Bernard et al. 2013). One of the significant aspect of m onoclonal antibody in recent years is the treatment of Ebola viruses and HIV viruses. The research process is still going on to develop and apply antibody therapy against these viruses as well (Jeong et al. 2012). Rheumatoid arthritis is a sort of autoimmune disease where a chronic and progressive inflammation occurs in the joints. It is a form of autoimmune disease. In this case, the cytokines produced by human body raise an immune response against its self-component. This reaction causes an inflammatory response in the joint areas of the human body. The result of this disease is deformity and immobility. Fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles are the most affected areas of rheumatoid arthritis. In the treatment procedure of rheumatoid arthritis, monoclonal antibodies are directed against the pathogenic autoimmune agent cytokine. Monoclonal antibodies are the a kind of monospecific antibodies produced by the immune cells of the human body. In various studies and researches, it is observed that, using mAbs rheumatoid arthritis utilized anti-CD7, anti-CD4 and CAMPATH-1H targets results in varying degrees of efficacy and significant safety concerns (Olinger et al. 2012). Monoclonal antibodies are also known as mAb. These sets of antibodies are monospecific which are produced by identical immune cells. Until 1975, it was possible to use a mixture of antibodies for therapeutic purposes. But in 1975 Cesar Milstein and George Kohler discovered monoclonal antibodies for the first time. Till then different technologies are used for the production of monoclonal antibodies (Ordas et al. 2012). The production of monoclonal antibodies includes the major steps as Hybridoma cell production, purification of monoclonal antibodies. These monoclonal antibodies are generally made through cell culture techniques. In this method, the primary aspect is to fuse myeloma cells alongside the spleen cells in a mouse that has already been immunized with the desired antigen (Scott, Walchok and old. 2012). In recent studies, rabbit B cells are also used to form rabbit hybridoma. In order to fuse the myeloma cells, polyethylene glycol is used. The selective culture medium employ ed in the production of monoclonal antibodies is called HAT medium. The name is Hat because it contains hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine. This medium is a selective medium and only helps to grow the fused hybridoma cells. Unfused myeloma cells cannot grow in this medium as they lack HGPRT. As a result, they cannot replicate their DNA. The mixture of cells is then diluted, and clones of these cells are made of the parent cells (Scott, Walchok and old. 2012). Antibodies that are secreted by the different clones are then assayed according to their ability to the antigen. ELISA method, also known as the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay or Antigen Microarray or immune dot-blot. After collecting the media or culture sample of hybridomas, it is important to extract the desired monoclonal antibodies. During the purification procedure, at first, it is important to condition the sample. Cells, lipids, cell debris, clotted material are removed (Li et al. 2012). This is done through th e use of centrifugation. After centrifugation filtration of the sample is done with a 0.45 m filter. After this, the sample is condensed. This process is very much important because it will increase the concentration of the monoclonal antibodies in the liquid suspension. After this, most of the charged particles and other impurities like transferring can be removed by respective chromatography techniques (Scott, Walchok and old. 2012). There are several other techniques used for the production of antibody heterogenicity, recombinant, chimeric antibodies, fully human clonal antibodies, etc. A recombinant aspect of the monoclonal antibodies include properties such as cloning, phage display or yeast display. Recombinant engineering of antibodies involves the uses of viruses and yeasts. This technique mainly depends on the rapid cloning of immunoglobulin gene segments. Through this method library of antibodies are created. Chimeric antibodies are actually partially mouse and partly human monoclonal antibodies. In modern therapeutic approaches, Chimeric antibodies are widely used. Fully human monoclonal antibodies are produced in transgenic mice. Till now, 7 to 9 fully human monoclonal antibodies have been successfully introduced for the therapeutic uses (Scott, Allison, and Wolchok, 2012). One of the widely used therapeutic antibody used in clinical applications is Infliximab. It is a chimeric form of IgG1 mAb containing human constant regions along with murine variable regions (Birch, 2012). The main problem with this antibody is that it is only available in an intravenous form and should be applied along with the combination of methotrexate (Cheung et al. 2012). The initial dosage of this combination is 3 mg/kg and with respect to certain patient's condition, the dosage can increase to 10 mg/kg with an interval of 4 to 8 weeks. This particular antibody is approved by the FDA/EMA in combination with MTX for moderate and severe rheumatoid arthritis. This drug was first evaluated by Elliott et al. In 1993. The primary cause of the rheumatoid arthritis is a cytokine secreted name TNF , a kind of tumor necrosis factor. Infliximab neutralizes the activity of this tumor necrosis factor or TNF through binding. The binding procedure is a property of high affinity. The TNF b ecomes a soluble and transmembrane form. This whole process inhibits the binding of TNF with its respective receptor present in the body. It should be kept in mind that, Infliximab does not neutralize the TNFb or also known as the lymphotoxin a. . It is generally activated by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The event of leukocytes migrating and activating neutrophils are also a concerning event. Neutralization of TNF reduces the overall inflammatory action caused by rheumatoid arthritis (Kantarjian et al. 2012). Another drug that is widely used in clinical applications is Golimumab. Golimumab is complex human recombinant IgG1 mAb. It contains no murine components. Golimumab is produced by the phage display technology. The drug form of the antibody was approved by the FDA/EMA in the year of 2009. It is widely used for the moderate and severe level of rheumatoid arthritis. The drug is mainly used as the monotherapy. Sometimes it is also used as a combinational form with some disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs also known as DMARDs (Dinh et al. 2012). The most important aspect of its clinical aspect is that it is found in subcutaneous form as well. The standard dosage for this drug is about 40mg in every two weeks. Golimumab binds to the Tumor Necrosis factor or TNF . . As mentioned earlier that Golimumab is a human monoclonal antibody, it binds to the TNF and inhibits soluble and transmembrane human TNF . After binding, inhibition of TNF prevents the binding of it respective receptor (Sta nker et al. 2013). This phenomenon prevents the both leukocytes infiltration prevents the cell adhesion proteins such as E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1. Another aspect of this drug is that it also prevents the adhesion of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion such as IL-8, IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF in vitro. The patients who are suffering from chronic inflammatory conditions, application of Golimumab reduces the amount of ICAM-1 and IL-6. It also reduces the amount of C-reactive protein also known as CRP., matrix metalloproteinase 3 also known as (MMP-3) and vascular endothelial growth factors known as VEGF (Sandborn et al. 2014). In modern times. Antibodies are one of the most prosperous and efficient methods for many therapeutic approaches. Monoclonal antibodies are broadly used in cancer therapies. Several other monoclonal antibodies with a combination of other substances are currently in phase 1 and phase 2 of clinical trials. Monoclonal antibody therapy can also be used by antibody fragments (Kolorz et al. 2013). The large size and long half-life of a full-length antibody make them inappropriate component for radioimmunotherapy (Nievves et al. 2012). 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