Computer Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

PC Systems - Essay Example dealing with ordinary models like network, bolster autonomic highlights and utilized based on charging utilities, yet the possibility of a cloud is nearly extraordinary and inverse to the highlights of matrix, for instance SaaS, Utility Computing and so forth. Cloud guarantees the accessibility of all the necessary engineering including application, equipment, stage, programming and required measure of stockpiles through a responsibility for appropriate web association. Empowers individuals to get to the necessary data through any gadget that has a web association as opposed to being joined to the work area. It is likewise financially savvy as it doesn’t require introducing equipment or programming. Influential thought behind distributed computing will be processing by administration arranged structures (SOA) †moving of a fused and sorted out assortment of capacities to clients by mean of both uninhibitedly and immovably coupled purposes, or administrations †the vast majority of which are organize based. Virtualized framework empowers the turn of events and sending of uses significantly simpler, hence expanding the dependable extent of these applications attainable inside apportioned financial plan and authoritative controls.. Virtual framework additionally grows unwavering quality, productivity and quality by including similitudes inside application prerequisites and helps the composed sharing of administrations. Presently a day, pretty much every business action requires Information Technology and its administrations in any structure accessible. Innovation needs to create end-client proficiency and diminishing Technology-driven overhead Administration Oriented Architectures is certifiably not another idea, yet in the ongoing years it has increased an impressive consideration. Instances of whatever early that depended on SOA are Object Request Brokers (ORBs), DCOM and Remote Procedure Calls (RPC). Latest model of SOA is known as Grid Computing arrangement and foundations. In a Service Oriented Architecture condition associations or client demand an Information Technology

Russian and Chechnyan conflict Essay -- essays research papers

Clashes in a nation happen wherever on the planet. Russia and Chechnya's contention is one example.There were numerous reasons and factors that drove this contention to develop into a war. Both Russia and Chechnya had various objectives and interests that they attempted to accomplish. This drove them to contradict each other and consider one another to be adversaries. Coming up next is a full investigation of the contention, which clarifies the foundation factors, which added to it. The Chechnya-Russia strife, can be increasingly comprehended by looking to the past. The recorded foundation is expected to show the entire image of the war. The region in the southern Russia was known as the Caucasus locale. Numerous non-Russian ethnic gatherings lived there. Everything started when the dictators began a 300-year endeavor to vanquish the Northern Caucasus in 1560. They neglected to assume control over Chechnya and different zones of the Caucasus in light of the fact that the Ottoman Empire had vanquished them. The Chechens changed over to Islam when they became under the Ottomans rule. Russia despite everything didn't surrender. It made more grounded endeavors to attack the zone lastly constrained the withdrawal of the Ottomans by 1785.After winning the Caucasian War, the Russian government forced numerous individuals to leave from Chechnya to various Muslim nations of the Middle East. In 1877,1920,and 1929 the Chechens made fruitless resistance endeavors against the emperors and later Soviet forces. Their fundamental objective behind this was to oppose unification, hostile to religion battles, and Russification. B...

Finding Essay Topics That Will Get You Through College

Finding Essay Topics That Will Get You Through CollegeDefining and justifying an evaluation essay is an integral part of your academic career. However, you can be quite sure that many college and university professors will not consider an evaluation essay an adequate means of defending your academic record or an explanation for why you are in their program. This does not necessarily mean they will have to back off from giving you their attention, but it does mean that you have to think long and hard about how you write an evaluation essay. Once you know what aspects of your performance are considered by the professor to be pertinent to the standards of the program, you can begin to formulate an argument.One of the first things you have to decide upon when drafting an evaluation essay is the fact that the assessment must be based on actual work, rather than just common sense. If you are not prepared to prove that you have done your work, you can hardly expect to get your work accepted . Be aware that you will not be allowed to employ common-sense assessments during your acceptance requirements. You must be willing to provide a concrete example of your work. Otherwise, you might end up getting rejected without ever knowing why.When it comes to how to frame a specific issue, remember that it is always best to start out with a question. You should try to avoid starting the essay off with an answer. Doing so will give the impression that the essay was written before the issue in question was resolved. Your essay should be framed in such a way that it should be appealing to the reader.The length of your evaluation essay is a very important factor. College and university professors will likely want to see a minimum of 500 words; however, you are not obliged to write as long as this. Don't be tempted to make it so long that it becomes incomprehensible; though, on the other hand, don't go over the top either.Some of the topics that you may want to explore our personal ba ckground, the teacher's style, the content of the course, the curriculum, the teacher's training, and most importantly, your academic background. If you have been able to retain the information within the syllabus, then you can rest assured that your opinion is considered. If not, it will take some research in order to find the information within the syllabus.In order to qualify as a valid evaluation essay, your opinions must be written honestly and openly. Many times, students will embellish the facts to avoid criticism. You must speak only the truth when submitting an evaluation essay. If you do not, then you run the risk of being taken advantage of by those who wish to compromise.Finally, when writing your evaluation essay, you must put an emphasis on the fact that your opinions are your own and you are not beholden to anyone for your admission. Being honest is always the best policy. Once you are assured that the opinion you present is yours, then you can put some thought into t he background and professional experiences of the individuals involved.You should not fear going into areas that you would have previously avoided; the more you understand the issues, the better your evaluation essay will be. It is not too late to learn from your mistakes, and you can still put some effort into your evaluation essay. Just make sure you are ready to express your thoughts before the deadline.

Restorative Justice Essay - 954 Words

Restorative justice is an innovative approach to the criminal justice system that focuses on repairing the harm caused by crimes committed. The methods used in the conventional justice system may deter the offender from committing further crimes, but it does neither repair the harm caused, nor help them acknowledge their responsibility, instead it stigmatises them, worsening the situation instead of improving it (Johnstone 2003). â€Å"Stigmatisation is the kind of shaming that creates outcasts; it is disrespectful, humiliating† (p.85). It breaks the moral bonds between offender and community and can result in the creation of a destructive cycle that may result in fear and isolation. The shaming by stigmatisation creates a negative effect which†¦show more content†¦Procedural Justice Theory basis itself on the perception of respect and fairness for the offender, thus, the reason why conferences are used, they emphasise communication and offer support to both, the offe nder and the victim. Unacknowledged Shame Theory is seen in a perspective that shame can cause a destructive emotion and can promote crime instead of preventing it if it is not managed positively. By using apology in return for forgiveness symbolises that reparation can commence (Braithwaite, 2004). Defiance Theory is when the offender feels powerless and believes he/she will be humiliated. The experience of being exposed to disapproval of their behaviour may provoke some levels of deviance, however, as the session progresses and the offender expresses his/hers feelings, empathy develops between the parties, the environment becomes more reconciliatory, thus reducing deviance. James Dignan’s concepts related to offenders, but mostly, related to victims. In his work â€Å"The victim in restorative justice† (2007), he argues that restorative justice â€Å"has a tendency to focus primarily on offenders and reconviction rates rather than on victim-related concerns† (p.309). Dignan goes on explaining that only after Braithwaite’s theory became more developed in Australia and New Zealand, the role of victims became clearer (Dignan, 2007). He says that there are beneficial distinctions between reciprocal benefits and one-sided benefits, depending on the interaction of theShow MoreRelatedRestorative Justice1645 Words   |  7 PagesRestorative Justice Restorative Justice is an alternative to the traditional system. Even though restorative justice will never replace the traditional system, it has a balanced focus on the person harmed, the person causing the harm and the affected community, rather than just the crime through the eyes of the law. Restorative Justice is always voluntary for the victims, and the offenders have to be willing to cooperate and they have to want to do this. Restorative Justice is a forward-lookingRead MoreImportance of Restorative Justice in the Entire Justice Process1049 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Restorative Justice in the Entire Justice Process Every judicial organization has a duty to deliver justice to the affected victims. This happens in many ways that include jailing the offenders for life, compensation of the victims and now the restoration of the victim and the offender. In restorative justice, the offenders must accept the accountability of all what he did to the victim (power point notes). In addition to the accountability, the offenders are responsible for the sameRead MoreThe Justice And Restorative Justice1621 Words   |  7 Pagesproviding rationale for restorative justice (337). Crimes committed by young individuals are often minor, first-time acts which can be mediated and addressed through the proactive administration of restorative rehabilitation, which often prevents recidivism. Restorative justice is a process where all parties involved in a particular offense come together in order to collectively resolve the aftermath and future implications of the specific crime (Roche 343). Restorative justice is th e the ideal responseRead MoreThe Effects Of Restorative Justice On Juvenile Recidivism1407 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Current research available on the effects of restorative justice on juvenile recidivism range from meta-analyses of multiple studies to individual program studies. According to Bradshaw and Roseborough (2005), â€Å"The use of meta-analytic methods provides a useful means for summarizing diverse research findings across restorative justice studies and synthesizing these findings in an objective manner.† (p. 19). Four meta-analytic studies reveal an overall reduction in juvenile recidivismRead MoreRestorative Justice Model And Domestic Violence924 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversy over the effectiveness and place of restorative justice however it has begun to infiltrate legislation. In Kansas K.S.A. 21-5414 (Domestic Battery) recently passed the requirement that all domestic violence offenders are required to undergo assessment and treatment from a certified batterers intervention program; a form of restorative justice. With this in mind the focus of subsequent discussion wil l be around defining terminology in restorative justice and domestic violence, effectiveness andRead MoreRestorative Justice And Justice System2338 Words   |  10 Pages Restorative justice has some key restorative values that are vital in the restorative justice conference to make the experience ‘restorative’. Concerning addressing victim needs and concerns means for listening, respecting, being non-judgmental, not blaming the victim and apologizing. The RJ system was bought as an alternative to the criminal justice system to give greater emphasis on victim rights and needs, offender accountability and community involvement. Throughout the essay, there will beRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Justice System1044 Words   |  5 PagesRestorative justice has can be seen to have multiple definitions among the most used are: A) a theory of justice that focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior and B) an approach of justice that aims to satisfy the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the entire community. The most broadly accepted definition of restorative justice, however, is a process where all the parties that have equal power in a specific offense and collectively come to a solution on how to deal withRead MoreEssay Restorative Justice: A New Paradigm or a Complementary Model3024 Words   |  13 Pages To what extent has the theory of restorative justice been integrated into Youth Justice practice in England and Wales? Has this gone far enough? The perception by many involved in the justice system in general, and youth justice in particular, is that the present model of punitive retributive justice, often involving incarceration does not work. Indeed, it may be compounding an already huge social problem. This realisation has lead many to look for alternative systems. At present there is aRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Justice System2505 Words   |  11 PagesRESTORATIVE JUSTICE A DEFINITION The Oxford Dictionary defines the word restorative as having the ability to restore (i.e. repair, renovate or reinstate) health, strength or a feeling of well-being. Also, it defines the word justice as the administration of the law or authority in maintaining just behaviour or treatment. Thus, in lay man’s terms restorative justice would mean having the ability to reinstate a feeling of well-being by the administration of the law. Although there is an increasedRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Justice Centres2325 Words   |  10 PagesRestorative Justice(RJ) is a process in by which it takes an alternative form from the traditional CJS and aims to prompt resolution with offender, victims and the wider community in a safe setting. RJ looks at crime in terms of violation against the community and individual rather than a violation against the law (Gabbay, 2005). As with the traditional CJS, the voices of the victims and offenders are very minimal and not adequately addressed to a large extent; restorative justice centres its main

Managerial Economics and Globalization - 997 Words

ECO 550: Managerial Economics and Globalization Assignment 3 Instructor: Dr. A. A. Boakye Due By: 08/08/2011 Candidate’s Name-Andre Stevenson INSTRUCTIONS: Answer ALL the questions in PART I and PART II Part 1 (40 points) 1. The WXY Corporation has fixed costs of $50. Its total variable costs (TVC) vary with output as shown in the following table. Refer to the table. The average total cost of 4 units of output is A. $27.50 B. $40.00 C. $52.50 D. $210.00 2. to scale as it increases its output over any reasonable range. If it increases all its inputs by 10%, its Suppose a particular firm exhibits constant returns A. total cost will increase by less than 10% B. average total cost will increase by†¦show more content†¦If Driver #1 drives left (0,-1000) he will get the same results if Driver #2 drove left (0,-1000). It would be the same result for the right seat for both drivers as well. There is no room for any type of strategy and ultimately no matter which side of the road either drives on they will both equal the same numbers in the results. b. Is there Nash equilibrium in this game? Explain--- there is Nash equilibrium in the above example because no player will benefit from changing their strategy. No matter what information they receive they can no outsmart the other and create some type of advantage. c. Explain why this game is called a cooperative game? Although both Driver 1 and 2 will have a Nash equilibrium whether they choose right or left side of the road it’s still considered a cooperative game. The reason for this is because whether both drivers select left or right side there will still be equilibrium and no desire to change their strategy. Quest1ion 2: Use the table below to answer the following questions. [pic] a. What is the firm’s Total Revenue? In relation to the chart above Total Revenue will be inside the area of the box starting from O-E-J-A. Total Revenue in general is the price of a good or service multiplied by the quantity of the product. b. What is the Total Cost? Total cost is fixed cost and variable cost added up together. It’s the cost that it takes toShow MoreRelatedManagerial Economics and Globalization Eco 5501234 Words   |  5 PagesMaking Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Week 3 Assignment Managerial Economics and Globalization ECO 550 May 9, 2013 Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Report the demographic and independent variables that are relevant to complete a demand analysis providing a rationale for the selection of the variables. As the Marketing and Public Relations Manager for my community, I am conducting research about the demographics of our community. My research will be basedRead MoreAssignment 1 : Managerial Economics And Globalization1338 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment #1: Demand Estimation Richard W. Gaines Strayer University ECO 550 – Managerial Economics and Globalization Dr. Diana G Bonina October 24, 2017 â€Æ' Assignment #1: Demand Estimation Employ this regression equation: Qd= -5200 - 42P + 20PX + 5.2I + 0.20A + 0.25M and compute independent variable elasticities for a leading brand low-calorie, frozen microwavable food company using the following information. Q = Quantity demanded (3-pack units) P = Price = 500 cents PX = Leading competitor’sRead MoreAssignment 2 : Managerial Economics And Globalization1759 Words   |  8 Pages Assignment Two: Operations Decisions ECO 550- Managerial Economics and Globalization Alisha Ball Dr. Agnes Denalane Strayer University Assignment 2: Operation Decisions Introduction In today’s retail food service industry there is a large demand for convenience food. People take less time to cook and with the increase of health issues related to weight management, low calorie options are becoming very popular. Consumers have become more knowledgeable, tech-savvy, and have higherRead MoreBusiness Is An Activity It Requires Management1056 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Business is loosely defined as buying and selling. However business is both an economic and social activity which is done to acquire wealth and serve the society through the provision of goods and services which the society needs. Since business is an activity it requires management. What then is management? Louis Allen defines management as, what a manger does.† And James L, Lundy defines management as the task of planning, coordinating, motivation and controlling the efforts ofRead MoreImpact Of Management On The Globalization Of Business1374 Words   |  6 Pages Impact of management in the globalization of business Ruth Wills University of the People Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show impact of management in the globalization of business. The following topics are addressed in this paper: 1. Definition of Multi-National Corporation 2. Cultures and Norms 3. Management Style and Culture Shock 4. Management Style of a Multi-National Corporation : Toyota Motors 5. Ethical and Economic challenges faced Multinational CorporationRead More Technology Is the Driving Factor for Globalization Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterial basis for its creation’ ( Castells, 2000:77). There are many studies that analyze the links between technology and globalization. Nevertheless, Manuel Castells’ trilogy The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture has received considerable attention and it allows us to have a great understanding of the links between technological development and the global economic and political changes. However, Derek Hrynyshy (2002) reveals that Castells study laps into the ideology of technologicalRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On Business Management Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesBUS 1101: PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT The Impact of Management in Globalization of Business. Globalization is the process in which a business or organization start operating on an international scale. The effects of Globalization have created an immediate change in Business Management. As stated by the website www.ukessays.co.uk â€Å"Globalization on Business Management is interconnection of international markets managing business in a global industry. This includes foreign investments whereRead MoreThe Globalization Of A Multinational Corporation1725 Words   |  7 Pagesother words, multinational companies are going global. Globalization refers to the unification of world economies by removing barriers to international trade, tariffs, export fees by embracing tolerance, understanding of different cultures and customs. This global reach provides new opportunities to expand and improve their products. Managerial Cultures and Norms of a foreign country Many corporations understand the benefits of globalization of business. From a management view, global workforce isRead MoreLife Insurance Industry : India Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesannuity provider. Moreover, growing institutionalization of the financial market has also provided a momentum to boost the life insurance companies. Therefore, a reassessment of the role of life insurance in the context of the changing market and economic environment is required for managing life insurance companies effectively. The Indian market with its one billion plus population, presents lucrative and diverse opportunities for various industries. However, the intricacies that make up this marketRead MoreStakeholder Salience1076 Words   |  5 Pagesstakeholders can be counterproductive and interdependent to decision making. Globalization effects stakeholder’s coalition building and salience in organizations. It is known as an ongoing process or interrelated events of increasing movement of services, goods, and capital across national borders (Lawrence Weber 2011). Stakeholders across organizations build coalitions as a means of increasing salience. Globalization has affected stakeholder coalition building as well as stakeholder salience.

How The African s Ideologies Survived Under European...

The history books harbor numerous accounts of state-run human oppression. The accounts display that the necessity for labor often influenced the practice of coercion and violence. While reviewing the work of Dr. Delridge, L Hunter in The death of the Negro volume I, 2, and 3 it became clear that a degree of unequal actions molded a form of inferior status that shape the Negro call to freedom songs. To name the weapon with which the colonial United States of America brought about unnecessary sorrow, demands we examine the floor plan of this institution called slavery. The project involves discovering how the African’s ideologies survived under European values in the United States of America. The study shows the coercive practices of the Europeans tenets that ensured the involuntary cooperation of the slave. Vautor-Laplaceliere4 Introduction We schlepp around the seed of a unique plant capable of sprouting beneath the harshest of settings. That seed is the strength that is required for survival and is ever-present in the art, music, and literature of the people. The history books harbor numerous interpretations of human oppression. The various versions illustrate that the demand for labor often promoted a practice of distinct dominance. This practice Orlando Patterson a born Jamaican American historian and cultural sociologist describe as the taking away of personal liberty. Since the taking away of personal libertyShow MoreRelatedOppression On The International And National Level1380 Words   |  6 Pagesdominance of the least favorite group. To identify the weapon that caused the unnecessary sorrow in the colonial United States of America is to examine the floor plan of this institution called slavery. The project involves discovering how the African’s ideologies survived under European values in the United St ates of America. The study will display the coercive practices of the Europeans tenets that ensured the involuntary collaboration of the slave. By studying the work of Delridge, L Hunter TheRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Read MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pagesother uses, see  New World Order (disambiguation). The reverse side of the  Great Seal of the United States  (1776). The Latin phrase novus ordo seclorum, appearing on the reverse side of the Great Seal since 1782 and on the back of the  U.S one-dollar bill  since 1935, means New Order of the Ages and only alludes to the beginning of an era where the United States of America is an independent nation-state, but is often improperly translated by conspiracy theorists as New World Order.[1] In  conspiracyRead MoreThe Causes And Consequences Of The French Revolution Essay5309 Words   |  22 Pagesregarded by historians as being one of the most important events in human history. The revolution in France (between 1789 to 1799) accelerated the rise of republics and democracies. It became the â€Å"focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies, leading to the spread of liberalism, nationalism, socialism, feminism, and secularism (among many others).† The French revolution bared witness to the birth of ‘total war’ by organising the resources of France and the lives of its citizens towardsRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesrights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulateRead MoreUnited Nations Role in Conflict Management in Africa: a Case Study of Darfur11729 Words   |  47 Pagesconsuming, it can be a positive force for change and bring an otherwise stagnant relationship out of dormancy into a new life and vitality. Conflict is therefore an outcome of human interaction as a result of disagreement between individuals, parties or states. A conflict situation is characterized by the inability of those concerned to iron out their differences.2 Human wants are unlimited but the means to satisfy these wants are scarce. There is therefore, an inherent struggle in man for greater shareRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesMexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States. As the manager of an electric company and owner of a ranch and mines, Jim expressed contempt for black Americans whoRead MoreBible Versus the Toran12356 Words   |  50 Pages). Ezra returned later with more Jews (458 B.C.) built the temple. 11. NEHEMIAH - Building the walls of Jerusalem. Nehemiah got permission from the King of Persia to rebuild the walls (444 B.C.). Revival in the land. 12. ESTHER - Took place during chapters 6 and 7 of Ezra. Mordecai. Plot to kill the Jewish people. C. POETICAL - 5 BOOKS 1. JOB - A righteous man tested by God. Deals with Gods sovereignty. 2. PSALMS - Consists of 5 divisions. Worship in song. Large variety of subjectsRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 Pagesof the study 2.1 Scope and methodology 4 7 7 3. Racism and individual and collective human rights 3.1 A note on cultural and ethnic identity 9 11 4. Racism: colonial inheritance 4.1 Nicaragua: multiethnic and pluricultural state 4.2 The historic roots of differences, discrimination, and racism 4.2.1 Spanish Conquest and its repercussions in Indigenous cultures of the Pacific, Central and North 4.2.2 English colonization in the Caribbean Coast region 4.2.3 The LiberalRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 PagesThe Studio System Key point about the studio system could be: Despite being one of the biggest industries in the United States, indeed the World, the internal workings of the dream factory that is Hollywood is little understood outside the business. The Hollywood Studio System: A History is the first book to describe and analyse the complete development, classic operation, and reinvention of the global corporate entities which produce and distribute most of

Antibody Technology and Cell Culture

Question: In your essay you should discuss; The development of the antibody. How was it made, is it a humanized, chimeric or human antibody. As these antibodies should all be monoclonals I would expect a brief overview of how monoclonal antibodies are produced. A brief mention of the company who produce the antibody, are they a big biopharmaceutical company? The uses of the antibody. Is it just used for one particular disease? If not what are the other diseases or conditions it is used for and why is it able to treat more than one condition? What are the mechanisms of action of this antibody? How does it work, what are the pathways that the antibody works on? You should also consider how effective the antibody is as a drug and you could mention the extent of its current usage. Answer: The antibody or also known as immunoglobulin is a type of protein produced by the plasma cells of the human body. It is one of the major components of the human immune system. In recent years, antibodies are widely used in the clinical domain for various diseases. Target therapy for cancer treatment is one of the most notable examples of these sorts of therapeutic application (Barouch et al. 2013). Other applications include antibody-drug conjugates that are also used for various purposes. Apart from this, antibodies are used in disease diagnosis, monoclonal antibody therapy, Prenatal treatment, etc. Antibodies are used widely in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, colorectal cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, head and neck cancer and breast cancer. It is also used in many immune deficiency diseases such as hypogammaglobulinemia, X-linked agammaglobulinemia by introducing antibodies into the body (Bernard et al. 2013). One of the significant aspect of m onoclonal antibody in recent years is the treatment of Ebola viruses and HIV viruses. The research process is still going on to develop and apply antibody therapy against these viruses as well (Jeong et al. 2012). Rheumatoid arthritis is a sort of autoimmune disease where a chronic and progressive inflammation occurs in the joints. It is a form of autoimmune disease. In this case, the cytokines produced by human body raise an immune response against its self-component. This reaction causes an inflammatory response in the joint areas of the human body. The result of this disease is deformity and immobility. Fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles are the most affected areas of rheumatoid arthritis. In the treatment procedure of rheumatoid arthritis, monoclonal antibodies are directed against the pathogenic autoimmune agent cytokine. Monoclonal antibodies are the a kind of monospecific antibodies produced by the immune cells of the human body. In various studies and researches, it is observed that, using mAbs rheumatoid arthritis utilized anti-CD7, anti-CD4 and CAMPATH-1H targets results in varying degrees of efficacy and significant safety concerns (Olinger et al. 2012). Monoclonal antibodies are also known as mAb. These sets of antibodies are monospecific which are produced by identical immune cells. Until 1975, it was possible to use a mixture of antibodies for therapeutic purposes. But in 1975 Cesar Milstein and George Kohler discovered monoclonal antibodies for the first time. Till then different technologies are used for the production of monoclonal antibodies (Ordas et al. 2012). The production of monoclonal antibodies includes the major steps as Hybridoma cell production, purification of monoclonal antibodies. These monoclonal antibodies are generally made through cell culture techniques. In this method, the primary aspect is to fuse myeloma cells alongside the spleen cells in a mouse that has already been immunized with the desired antigen (Scott, Walchok and old. 2012). In recent studies, rabbit B cells are also used to form rabbit hybridoma. In order to fuse the myeloma cells, polyethylene glycol is used. The selective culture medium employ ed in the production of monoclonal antibodies is called HAT medium. The name is Hat because it contains hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine. This medium is a selective medium and only helps to grow the fused hybridoma cells. Unfused myeloma cells cannot grow in this medium as they lack HGPRT. As a result, they cannot replicate their DNA. The mixture of cells is then diluted, and clones of these cells are made of the parent cells (Scott, Walchok and old. 2012). Antibodies that are secreted by the different clones are then assayed according to their ability to the antigen. ELISA method, also known as the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay or Antigen Microarray or immune dot-blot. After collecting the media or culture sample of hybridomas, it is important to extract the desired monoclonal antibodies. During the purification procedure, at first, it is important to condition the sample. Cells, lipids, cell debris, clotted material are removed (Li et al. 2012). This is done through th e use of centrifugation. After centrifugation filtration of the sample is done with a 0.45 m filter. After this, the sample is condensed. This process is very much important because it will increase the concentration of the monoclonal antibodies in the liquid suspension. After this, most of the charged particles and other impurities like transferring can be removed by respective chromatography techniques (Scott, Walchok and old. 2012). There are several other techniques used for the production of antibody heterogenicity, recombinant, chimeric antibodies, fully human clonal antibodies, etc. A recombinant aspect of the monoclonal antibodies include properties such as cloning, phage display or yeast display. Recombinant engineering of antibodies involves the uses of viruses and yeasts. This technique mainly depends on the rapid cloning of immunoglobulin gene segments. Through this method library of antibodies are created. Chimeric antibodies are actually partially mouse and partly human monoclonal antibodies. In modern therapeutic approaches, Chimeric antibodies are widely used. Fully human monoclonal antibodies are produced in transgenic mice. Till now, 7 to 9 fully human monoclonal antibodies have been successfully introduced for the therapeutic uses (Scott, Allison, and Wolchok, 2012). One of the widely used therapeutic antibody used in clinical applications is Infliximab. It is a chimeric form of IgG1 mAb containing human constant regions along with murine variable regions (Birch, 2012). The main problem with this antibody is that it is only available in an intravenous form and should be applied along with the combination of methotrexate (Cheung et al. 2012). The initial dosage of this combination is 3 mg/kg and with respect to certain patient's condition, the dosage can increase to 10 mg/kg with an interval of 4 to 8 weeks. This particular antibody is approved by the FDA/EMA in combination with MTX for moderate and severe rheumatoid arthritis. This drug was first evaluated by Elliott et al. In 1993. The primary cause of the rheumatoid arthritis is a cytokine secreted name TNF , a kind of tumor necrosis factor. Infliximab neutralizes the activity of this tumor necrosis factor or TNF through binding. The binding procedure is a property of high affinity. The TNF b ecomes a soluble and transmembrane form. This whole process inhibits the binding of TNF with its respective receptor present in the body. It should be kept in mind that, Infliximab does not neutralize the TNFb or also known as the lymphotoxin a. . It is generally activated by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The event of leukocytes migrating and activating neutrophils are also a concerning event. Neutralization of TNF reduces the overall inflammatory action caused by rheumatoid arthritis (Kantarjian et al. 2012). Another drug that is widely used in clinical applications is Golimumab. Golimumab is complex human recombinant IgG1 mAb. It contains no murine components. Golimumab is produced by the phage display technology. The drug form of the antibody was approved by the FDA/EMA in the year of 2009. It is widely used for the moderate and severe level of rheumatoid arthritis. The drug is mainly used as the monotherapy. Sometimes it is also used as a combinational form with some disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs also known as DMARDs (Dinh et al. 2012). The most important aspect of its clinical aspect is that it is found in subcutaneous form as well. The standard dosage for this drug is about 40mg in every two weeks. Golimumab binds to the Tumor Necrosis factor or TNF . . As mentioned earlier that Golimumab is a human monoclonal antibody, it binds to the TNF and inhibits soluble and transmembrane human TNF . After binding, inhibition of TNF prevents the binding of it respective receptor (Sta nker et al. 2013). This phenomenon prevents the both leukocytes infiltration prevents the cell adhesion proteins such as E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1. Another aspect of this drug is that it also prevents the adhesion of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion such as IL-8, IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF in vitro. The patients who are suffering from chronic inflammatory conditions, application of Golimumab reduces the amount of ICAM-1 and IL-6. It also reduces the amount of C-reactive protein also known as CRP., matrix metalloproteinase 3 also known as (MMP-3) and vascular endothelial growth factors known as VEGF (Sandborn et al. 2014). In modern times. Antibodies are one of the most prosperous and efficient methods for many therapeutic approaches. Monoclonal antibodies are broadly used in cancer therapies. Several other monoclonal antibodies with a combination of other substances are currently in phase 1 and phase 2 of clinical trials. Monoclonal antibody therapy can also be used by antibody fragments (Kolorz et al. 2013). The large size and long half-life of a full-length antibody make them inappropriate component for radioimmunotherapy (Nievves et al. 2012). As a result, Many research processes are carried out to produce some monoclonal antibodies, Diabody and Nanobodies (sdAbs) including scFv, which consist smaller size and consistent long life of the binding activity. Immunotoxins and Immunocytokines are also comprised of toxin and cytokines, which are fused to smaller antibody fragments. In different cancer therapy. Target therapy, monoclonal antibodies are widely used which produces an enormous prospect for f uture applications (Raison et al. 2013). References Barouch, D.H., Whitney, J.B., Moldt, B., Klein, F., Oliveira, T.Y., Liu, J., Stephenson, K.E., Chang, H.W., Shekhar, K., Gupta, S. and Nkolola, J.P., 2013. Therapeutic efficacy of potent neutralizing HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies in SHIV-infected rhesus monkeys.Nature,503(7475), pp.224-228. Bernard, A., Boumsell, L., Dausset, J., Milstein, C. and Schlossman, S.F. eds., 2013.Leucocyte Typing: Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens Detected by Monoclonal Antibodies. Specification-Classification-Nomenclature/Typage leucocytaire Antigenes de differenciation leucocytaire humains reveles par lesanticorps monoclonaux: Rapports des etudes com. Springer Science Business Media. Birch, J.R., 2012. THE LARGE SCALE CULTIVATION 0F HYBRIDOMA CELLS PRODUCING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES.Large-scale mammalian cell culture,1, p.1. Cheung, W.C., Beausoleil, S.A., Zhang, X., Sato, S., Schieferl, S.M., Wieler, J.S., Beaudet, J.G., Ramenani, R.K., Popova, L., Comb, M.J. and Rush, J., 2012. A proteomics approach for the identification and cloning of monoclonal antibodies from serum.Nature biotechnology,30(5), pp.447-452. Dinh, T.N., Kyaw, T.S., Kanellakis, P., To, K., Tipping, P., Toh, B.H., Bobik, A. and Agrotis, A., 2012. Cytokine Therapy With Interleukin-2/AntiInterleukin-2 Monoclonal Antibody Complexes Expands CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells and Attenuates Development and Progression of Atherosclerosis.Circulation,126(10), pp.1256-1266. Jeong, J.S., Jiang, L., Albino, E., Marrero, J., Rho, H.S., Hu, J., Hu, S., Vera, C., Bayron-Poueymiroy, D., Rivera-Pacheco, Z.A. and Ramos, L., 2012. Rapid identification of monospecific monoclonal antibodies using a human proteome microarray.Molecular Cellular Proteomics,11(6), pp.O111-016253. Kantarjian, H., Thomas, D., Wayne, A.S. and O'Brien, S., 2012. Monoclonal antibody-based therapies: a new dawn in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Journal of Clinical Oncology,30(31), pp.3876-3883. Kolorz, M., Wroblova, K., Mokranova, J., Bartosova, L., Dite, P., ZboÃ…â„ ¢il, V. and Bartos, M., 2013. Pharmacogenomics of infliximab therapy, impact of TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B gene polymorphisms. Li, H., Ortiz, R., Tran, L., Hall, M., Spahr, C., Walker, K., Laudemann, J., Miller, S., Salimi-Moosavi, H. and Lee, J.W., 2012. General LC-MS/MS method approach to quantify therapeutic monoclonal antibodies using a common whole antibody internal standard with application to preclinical studies.Analytical chemistry,84(3), pp.1267-1273. Nieves, A., Ortega, B., Martinez, M., Castejon, O., Lares, M. and Ferrer, E., 2012. Standardization of ELISA technique for the immunological diagnosis of human toxocariasis.Boletn de Malariologa y Salud Ambiental,52(1), pp.21-32. Olinger, G.G., Pettitt, J., Kim, D., Working, C., Bohorov, O., Bratcher, B., Hiatt, E., Hume, S.D., Johnson, A.K., Morton, J. and Pauly, M., 2012. Delayed treatment of Ebola virus infection with plant-derived monoclonal antibodies provides protection in rhesus macaques.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(44), pp.18030-18035. Ords, I., Mould, D.R., Feagan, B.G. and Sandborn, W.J., 2012. Antià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ TNF monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacokineticsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based dosing paradigms.Clinical Pharmacology Therapeutics,91(4), pp.635-646. Raison, C.L., Rutherford, R.E., Woolwine, B.J., Shuo, C., Schettler, P., Drake, D.F., Haroon, E. and Miller, A.H., 2013. A randomized controlled trial of the tumor necrosis factor antagonist infliximab for treatment-resistant depression: the role of baseline inflammatory biomarkers.JAMA psychiatry,70(1), pp.31-41. Sandborn, W.J., Feagan, B.G., Marano, C., Zhang, H., Strauss, R., Johanns, J., Adedokun, O.J., Guzzo, C., Colombel, J.F., Reinisch, W. and Gibson, P.R., 2014. Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis.Gastroenterology,146(1), pp.85-95. Sandborn, W.J., Feagan, B.G., Marano, C., Zhang, H., Strauss, R., Johanns, J., Adedokun, O.J., Guzzo, C., Colombel, J.F., Reinisch, W. and Gibson, P.R., 2014. Gastroenterology,146(1), pp.96-109. Scott, A.M., Allison, J.P. and Wolchok, J.D., 2012. Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy.Cancer Immunity Archive,12(1), p.14. Scott, A.M., Wolchok, J.D. and Old, L.J., 2012. Antibody therapy of cancer.Nature Reviews Cancer,12(4), pp.278-287. Stanker, L.H., Scotcher, M.C., Cheng, L., Ching, K., McGarvey, J., Hodge, D. and Hnasko, R., 2013. A monoclonal antibody based capture ELISA for botulinum neurotoxin serotype B: toxin detection in food.Toxins,5(11), pp.2212-2226.

Good Samaritan Law Essay Example

Good Samaritan Law Paper The Good Samaritan Law is a legal principle that indemnifies a rescuer who has voluntarily helped a victim in distress from being sued for wrongdoing. Its purpose is to keep people from being reluctant to help a stranger in need for fear of legal repercussions in the event that they made some mistake while rendering assistance. It is worth helping out a road accident victim to give one a certain sense of accomplishment and peace of mind. Every year Road Safety Week is celebrated to make society aware about road safety and reaffirm our own responsibility. However, in spite of our best efforts, road accidents are common in India. It is found that every 12 minutes, an Indian dies on the road and ten times that number get injured. That a majority of accident victims are found to succumb in the absence of prompt medical assistance, is a fact we tend to overlook. It is really hard to believe that people who are otherwise rational and caring do not always come forward to assist victims of road accidents. Go to hospitals, there are umpteen cases where the victim is not given prompt medical attention. But why is this so? Over the years people have hesitated to involve themselves with helping people in peril, for fear of being sued. We will write a custom essay sample on Good Samaritan Law specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Good Samaritan Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Good Samaritan Law specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fear of police harassment often plays strongly in the minds of bystanders preventing them from helping a road accident victim. Truth to tell, this perception is not wholly without basis. It is even more detrimental when doctors and medical institutions, wait for police investigations to be over before the patient is treated. The question is, how should society move against this. Lets first consider the legal provisions. In the case of Pt Paramanand Katara vs Unionof India in 1989, the Supreme Court observed that treatment of the accident victim should not wait for the arrival of the police and completion of legalities. Failure on the part of any govt hospital to attend to such patients is a violation of Right to Life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. Moreover, in 1994, Section 134was added to the Motor Vehicles Act1988 (MVA) to cover the exigency of prompt medical attention to be given by medical institutions or doctors to accident victims without waiting for procedural formalities and fear of police harassment. Significantly, failure in this regard is punishable under Section 187 of MVA. CUTS. Safety Watch has taken up a campaign to popularise the idea of being Good Samaritans based on the above facts. It has successfully brought relevant government departments, police departments, and media and civil society organisations in the loop to strengthen the movement. The Film/TV industry often helps build misconception and thus is the next target of the CUTS campaign. A further chip to this movement would be to convince our government to ensure safeguard provisions for bystanders who are willing to help accident victims. We can draw examples from Good Samaritan Laws that exist in some of the developed countries, that safeguard the person from liability of civil damages other than gross negligence, in case of emergency or medical services.

Disciplinary Action †Human Resource Management Assignment

Disciplinary Action – Human Resource Management Assignment Free Online Research Papers Discuss the use of disciplinary action in managing human resources: Human Resource Management is the backbone of every company. From a business standpoint, Human Resource Management does many things from being a strategic partner with the corporate structure, dealing with job analysis, employee testing, recruiting and hiring, training and developing employees, establishing pay appraisal techniques, managing careers, and establishing employee compensation. Let’s not forget that, since HRM (Human Resource Management) deals with employees it also has to discipline them when they create problems. A disci ¬ple learns self-discipline by observing a disciplined teacher. Similarly, employees learn about discipline from their supervi ¬sors. What the supervisor chooses to teach them is a choice; he can model respect, compassion and responsibility, or he can behave in an arrogant, demeaning and insulting manner. Common categories of disciplinary problems are attendance, poor performance, or misconduct. Attendance problems include unexcused absence, chronic absenteeism, unexcused or excessive tardiness, and leaving without permission. Poor performance includes failure to complete work assignments, producing substandard products or services, and failure to meet established production requirements. Misconduct includes theft, falsifying employment application, willfully damaging organizational property punching another employees time card. An employee not performing up to the agreed upon standards or not following the understood rules is subject to punishment, i.e., disciplinary action. The dirty secret about managing is that most business owners hate to discipline employees who are falling down on the job; they tend to put it off, hoping the problems resolve themselves. But things just get worse. Most entrepreneurs have limited experience getting a positive response when and if they do discipl ine their employees. Traditionally, slumping workers were simply fired. Maybe the boss went through a scripted disciplinary procedure suggested by lawyers to avoid possible wrongful termination lawsuits, but a focus on actually changing employee behavior was rare. ? Disciplinary Action When a problem occurs, the manager/supervisor will have to determine the seriousness of the situation and the appropriate response. In making this decision the manager/supervisor needs to be fair towards the employee. Being thirty minutes tardy for work the fourth time in two weeks has to be handled differently from being thirty minutes tardy for the first time in two years. An employee should be disciplined because of what he did, not who he is and never because of race, colour, gender or anything else. Some factors to consider in making this determination are: Past Record What is the employee like? Is the behaviour consistent or inconsistent with past behaviour? Intent Did the employee act with intent or was the problem due to carelessness or inattention? Frequency How many times has the problem occurred? Time Frame Has the problem occurred frequently in a relatively short period of time? Repetition Has a similar or the same problem happened before? How long ago was the previous occurrence? Seriousness How serious is the problem and has it had a negative impact on the organization and/or other employees? Treatment of Others How have other employees been treated for the same behaviour? Admission and Apology Has the employee admitted to behaving poorly and apologized for the behaviour? Figure 1 Before it becomes necessary to issue discipline including counseling memos and reprimands you should have policies in place which define the procedures to be followed. All the witnesses of the event should be asked about what happened. In discipline discussions with an employee, the supervisor points out the unsatisfactory behaviour, explains the need for and purpose of the rule or practice that is being violated, and expresses confidence in the employees willingness and ability to make the necessary changes in behavior. During a discipline discussion the supervisor should be objective in reviewing the situation and give the employee specific examples of the behavior that is causing the problem. The employee should be allowed an opportunity to present his/her own case. The supervisor needs to make sure the employee has a clear understanding of the consequences of his/her behavior. The supervisor and the employee should agree on specific recommendations for correcting the performance. The three main approaches to discipline employees are: 1) Punitive approach to discipline Many managers (and parents) believe that disciplinary action is needed to punish a person for failing and punish subordinates who are less than perfect, which, of course is everyone. There is increasing evidence that the punitive approach to discipline instills fear and anger, but not increased productivity or changed behavior punitive discipline, which stresses intimidation and punishment, fails to address the root causes of misbehavior or poor performance; instead it address ¬es symptoms. For example, under the punitive model, habitu ¬ally tardy employees may be disciplined without questioning by management, regardless of the reasons for lateness. A purely punitive disciplinary approach attacks outward behavior rather than creating incentives or rewards for positive behavior. Finally, the punitive model assumes the boss is always right when disciplining employees. However, if bosses want to be respect ¬ed, they must admit to employees that they also make mistakes by dropping the mask of perfection. Under this approach, employees will not be satisfied with the policies procedures of the organization will turn out to be like this: Figure 2 2) Progressive Discipline Disciplinary treatment in most organizations is progressive, whereby the organization attempts to correct the employees behavior by imposing increasingly severe penalties for each infraction. Managers also must be aware that certain behaviors demand immediate action. Such violations include fighting, stealing and any other intolerable behaviors a company chooses to list. The usual steps in progressive discipline are: Step 1-Discussion Verbal discussion in which the supervisor has a face-to-face conference with the employee to discuss problems with work performance or conduct and the need for correction. Step 2-Assessment If there is little or no improvement after the discussion, the next step is a written assessment. A written warning is more official and summarizes the previous oral attempts. This written feedback is discussed with the employee and then placed in the personnel file for future reference. Step 3-Suspension The employee will be suspended for five working days without pay. A written record of the suspension is completed by the supervisor in the employees presence. Step 4-Termination After step 3, if there is no marked improvement, the employee may be terminated. This progressive discipline model has disadvantages. Management may feel they are obligated to address every perform ¬ance flaw and assign an appropriate punishment. Management may focus solely on the problem employees at the expense of the good performers, thereby consuming too much of a managers time. The progressive discipline model has two advantages for managers: It allows the employee additional opportunities to correct his per ¬formance prior to discharge. They may find out what is wrong with company’s work rules and polices which can be changed to make the work environment for their employees more effective. 3) Positive approach to discipline- Fortunately, for many managers, disciplining employees can be accomplished with a positive approach. It can even help boost morale and educate employees and managers in the process. The way to view discipline shouldn’t be negative but the focus should be on, helping a ‘problem employee’ grow, and, instantly, what might have seemed a downer becomes a positive for both the manager the employee. Always approach disciplining an employee with a goal in mind: What behavior do you want the employee to change and how? Ask the employee for suggestions about how s/he expects to do better, but go into any discipline session keeping in mind your own ideas for improvement. What if the employee blows his top and gets belligerent in his self-defense? A good manager expects argument. Its human nature for an employee to get defensive, and a bit of venting is fine. Give him/her some time, listen reflectively, and then go back to your main point, for example: â€Å"Tom, youve miss ed these last five deadlines, and we have to find out why and figure out how youre going to meet your future deadlines.† Implementing a positive discipline policy can be accomplished without losing control of employee behavior. This approach includes participation as each employee has the right to correct problems that arise in the workplace and be allowed the time required to return to fully acceptable perform ¬ance. Each step in the system recognizes this employee right. The first step of positive discipline is an oral reminder, requiring the super ¬visor to discuss the problem with the employee informally, and remind him to meet performance standards. No handwritten memo notes are placed in the employees personnel file, thus hopefully serving as an incentive to improve performance. If the performance problem persists, the next step is a written reminder. Another meeting is held with the employee and a writ ¬ten memo of the meeting is placed in the employees personnel file. At the follow-up session, if theres been forward motion by the employee, dont let it go unnoticed. Let the employee know y ou are aware of the effort he or she is putting in. Shaping new behavior takes constant, significant attention. If the first two steps fail, the final step of positive discipline is to place the employee on paid leave for a day. The purpose is to give the employee time to reflect on his future. Upon returning to the office, the employee informs the manag ¬er of his decision. If positive, manager and employee jointly identify changes to occur. Employees, who are handled using the positive approach to discipline, will turn out to be happier loyal to their organization. Figure 3 To wrap up, disciplinary actions should be taken after looking at the seriousness of the situation. But most importantly failure to take action indicates that there are no standards of the organization and that how the work gets done is not at all that important. This is not the message an organization would want their employees to receive. When it doesn’t take notice of one employees sloppy work practices, then it does not matter if the others are sloppy too. You end up giving unsatisfactory products/services to your customers. Research Papers on Disciplinary Action - Human Resource Management AssignmentThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalDefinition of Export QuotasStandardized TestingThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of India

Analysis of Jack Sheltons Im Just a Bill Assignment

Analysis of Jack Sheltons Im Just a Bill - Assignment Example There needs to be a strong majority on certain bills before the bills can go to the White House to be signed by the president, and become law. There needs to be a majority in both houses before the bill can go to the White House to be signed into law by the president. â€Å"I’m Just a Bill† did not inform viewers of the time it would take for a bill to go from a thought to a bill, to become a law. Sometimes, Congress votes on a bill because of its urgency. Some bills are less important to national security and the safety of Americans. â€Å"I’m Just a Bill† did not inform viewers it could take less than 30 days for a bill to pass through Congress. Sometimes, like with the United States of America Patriot Act Congress put all other bills on hold, and passed the United States of America Patriot Act within 30 days of September 11, 2001. â€Å"I’m Just a Bill† says it takes months, and years for Congress to debate over a bill. Congress has a rule that all bills introduced during one session of Congress need to be voted on before the end of that session. Congress does not allow bills to sit around from session to session. If someone watches â€Å"I’m Just a Bill† this person is led on to think that it takes more than several months for a bill to go from a thought, to a bill and to law. If someone watches â€Å"I’m Just a Bill† this person may think it could take years for a bill to be discussed in Congress. Question Number Two When Saunders, Abramowitz, and Williamson discussed the level of sophistication as it pertains to the study of voters from 1996 the data in the table appears to prove the hypothesis by Saunders, Abramowitz, and Williamson. However, Saunders, Abramowitz, and Williamson received the data for the table using data from the voting machines. The data in the table; therefore would be inconclusive. Every district has a socioeconomic status. The voting machines can count mixed ticket s; therefore the data reflects the number of mixed tickets was cast in the 1996 election. However, some sophisticated voters may live in underprivileged areas such as an urban area.  

Attraction and Mate Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Attraction and Mate Selection - Essay Example Grochowski, 2006). No society encourages its members to select spouse with complete freedom. Moreover the problem with the kin marriage is that it can lead to undesirable genetic consequences in offspring which increases the chances of death before they even grow up. Exogamy is influenced by factors such as size, diversity and sex ratio of the community; it is thought that marriage is an institution that functions to preserve race, class, education and social distinction. The society in which a person lives determines its mate selection; some societies consider people who are related by birth and some consider people who live together in same households, other societies by adoption, marriage or clan. Wikes et al. further states that, in most of the societies a person marries outside one's nuclear family (exogamy) but is encouraged to marry to a member of one's own class, race or religion (endogamy). Thus exogamous group is small and endogamous group is large. In some societies both t hese groups can be equal too as when they are divided into clans and lineages. (2006) Sociological factors also play their part in mate selection. Looking at the homogamy theory, which supports the idea that like is attracted to like, thus people are more likely to choose a mate who is similar to them in many dimensions. "Homogamy theory states that people select mates who are like them in physical characteristics such as height and weight and psychological characteristics including intelligence, interest, attitude, values and personality" (Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, Gardner Lindzey, 1998). In most of the families it is assumed that their children will marry within same race, status, religious affiliation and ethnic group. People usually search mates within their own race; norms with respect to race are strongly adhered to. Gilbert et al further explains that religion also plays an important part in this selection, in the orthodox, Jewish communities if the son or daughter married outside they were considered dead. People are said to be in same social class if they have similar education, occupation and occupational background. So with similar life experiences they share similar views and thus associate together in similar style of living. People prefer to marry in same socio-economic groups. Age also counts in mate selection as mostly a few years age difference is expected and the husband is considered to be older then wife in most of the societies. These are few common characteristics which people choose in making their mate selection. Psychological factors play an important part in mate selection. "The complementary needs theory states that two need are complimentary if one partners need also satisfies the need of other; for e.g. one enjoys being submissive and other dominant" (Chris Segrin, Jeanne Flora, 2005). The complimentary interaction between the two partners increases their attractiveness to each

History of American Football Essay Example for Free

History of American Football Essay Beginning of Football Football as well as rugby and soccer are believed to have descended from the ancient Greek game of harpaston. Harpaston is mentioned frequently in classical literature. where it is often referred to as a very rough and brutal game.The rules of this ancient sport were quite simple: Points were awarded when a player would cross a goal line by either kicking the ball, running with it across the goal line, or throwing it across the line to another player. The other team’s objective was simply to stop them by any means possible. There was no specific field length, no side line boundaries, no specified number of players per team, only a glaring lack of rules. Most modern versions of football are believed to have originated from England in the twelfth century. The game became so popular in England that the kings of that time (Henry II and Henry IV) actually banned football. They believed that football was taking away interest from the traditional sports of England, such as fencing and archery. Walter Camp Walter Camp was born April 17, 1859, in New Haven, Connecticut. He attended Yale from 1876 to 1882, where he studied medicine and business. Walter Camp was an author, athletic director, chairman of the board of the New Haven Clock Company, and director of the Peck Brothers Company. He was general athletic director and head advisory football coach at Yale University from 1888-1914, and chairman of the Yale football committee from 1888-1912. Camp played footba ll at Yale and helped evolve the rules of the game away from Rugby and Soccer rules into the rules of American Football as we know them today. One precursor to Walter Camps influence was William Ebb Ellis, a student at the Rugby School in England. In 1823, Ellis was the first person noted for picking up the ball during the soccer game and running with it, thereby breaking and changing the rules. In 1876, at the Massosoit  convention, the the first attempts at writing down the rules of American football were made. Walter Camp edited every American Football rulebook until his death in 1925. Walter Camp contributed the following changes from Rugby and Soccer to American football one side retained undisputed possession of the ball, until that side gives up the ball as a result of its own violations the line of scrimmage 11 on a team instead of 15 created the quarter-back and center positions forward pass standardized the scoring system, numerical scoring created the safety, interference penalties, and the neutral zone tackling as low as the knee was permitted 1888 a touchdown increased in value to six points and field goals went down to three points 1912 The NFL or the National Football League, was formed in 1920 soccor/football Soccer is one of the most popular sports in Europe and the Americas. It has a vivid and interesting history in the world of sports. Early evidence of soccer being played as a sport finds occurrence in China during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC. In China, it was during the Han dynasty that people dribbled leather balls by kicking it into a small net. Recorded facts also support the fact that Romans and Greeks used to play ball for fun and frolic. Some facts point to Kyoto in Japan where kicking of ball was a popular sport.It is said that early growth of the modern soccer started in England. Some amusing facts even mention that the first ball used was the head of some Danish brigand. It is said that during medieval times, the old form of soccer used to allow many ill practices like kicking, punching, biting and gouging. The main aim was to carry the ball to a target spot. People grew so fond of the game that they would throng the field all day long. Sometimes the competition grew fierce and masses got so wild that there were frequent incidents of violence during the game. It is also said that soldiers admired the game so much that they missed archery practice to watch it King Edward III banned soccer in 1365 owing to the growing incidents of violence and military indulgence in the sport. In 1424 King James I of Scotland also proclaimed in the Parliament— Na man play at the Fute-ball No man shall play football When and where exactly did soccer start is a question that has no precise answer to it. You can easily say that this popular game has been played for more than three thousand years. The nativity of modern-day soccer must be credited to Britain. It was also known as the association football, with Scotland and England being the co-founders of the systematic game of soccer. Modern History of Soccer: 18th Century onwards In 1815, a major development took place that made soccer popular in Universities, Colleges and Schools. The popular English School and Eton College came forth with a set of rules, known as the Cambridge Rules. Football was segregated into two groups; some colleges and schools opted for Rugby rules that allowed tripping, shin kicking and also carrying the ball. These rules were exclusively prohibited as per the Cambridge rules.The history of modern-day soccer was established in 1863. In October 1863, eleven representatives from London clubs and schools met at the Freemason’s Tavern to set up common fundamental rules to control the matches amongst themselves. The outcome of this meeting was the formation of the Football Association. In December 1863, the Rugby Football and Association football finally split as the supporters of the Rugby School rules walked out. Firmly establishing the foundation of soccer in 1869, the Football Association strictly banned any kind of handling of the ball. Soccer’s popularity spread rapidly during the 1800s as British sailors, traders and soldiers introduced the sport to different parts of the globe. Italians, Austrians and Germans drew to Europe, while Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil adopted the sport in South America. FIFA was established in the year 1904 and by early 1930s, different leagues were operating from various countries. FIFA is credited with organizing the first world cup in Uruguay. The history of soccer is rich with events, development and its growing craze all over the world. You will find yourself amazed as you learn about different times of this wonderful sport that has held our awe and admiration for over 3000 years. why is soccer called football The game that the rest of the world calls football or the beautiful game goes by a different name in the United States and Canada soccer. Americans adopted the name soccer after almost 100 years of playing this game under the name football.The games history and development provides important clues about the use of the word soccer to identify the game in the countries  that do not call it football.

Reactions to Death in Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying :: Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying

Reactions to Death in Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying Eventhough As I lay Dying is a story revolved around the death of a mother, Addie Bundren, the true content of the story develops from information given to the audience through a multitude of narrators. The relationship between each family member and their association with Addie's death differentiates from person to person. Through her husband, Anse, we are introduced to his philosophy that man should keep stationary. Anse explains, "The lord put roads for travelling; why he laid them down flat on the Earth. When he aims for something to be always a-moving, he makes it long ways, like a road or a horse or a wagon, but when he aims for something to stay put, He makes it up and down ways, like a tree or a man" (24). In comparing a tree to a man, Anse feels that eventhough alive, man was not created to move about. This idea exhibits a lack of suspense within Anse, which may or may not have been Annie's desire to have an affair which lead to the birth of her child Jewel. Interestingly, A nse contradicts his own beliefs to fullfill his wife's wishes to be layed to rest next to her own family. This act can also be seen as selfish when Anse really desires a new set of teeth. Other narrators's ideas on life are presented through the death of Annie. For example, DArl represents seperation from the rest of the world. Riding with Jewel, DArl suggests that, "It takes two people to make you, and one people to die. That's how the world is going to end" (27). In this thought, Darl explains that even though a person is created by the life of two people, in the end, that life will die on its own. The fact that Darl is so open to talk about his surety of Annie's approaching death, distinguishes him from Jewel or Dewy Dell, who cannot speak about it. Darl therefore is an outcast of the family, which is later explained by his participation in the war. By writing As I Lay Dying through the thoughts of a variety of narrators, William

Pip’s emotion Essay

Remembering this, the adult Pip says â€Å"I believe they were fat, though at the time I was undersized for my years and not string† This begins to give the reader an image of Pips physical appearance. The fact that he is undersized and weak could be because due to the lack of money in his family he is underfed. This creates sympathy for Pip because the reader can see this poor defenceless little child in this awful situation and as he seems so defenceless the readers are interested to know how or if he will get himself out of this situation. This also helps Dickens to project his reasons for writing great expectations to the reader as he is unhappy with the conditions that Pip and other children in this time period are living in. The fact that Pip is criticizing himself could reflect the way he is treated by other people and is unhappy with himself (which becomes clear later in the story with his longing to become a gentleman). This Quote also shows that this is the voice of the adult Pip as looking back on this scene he is very concerned about his appearance as a boy. This could make the reader wonder if Pop is not poor any longer because as a gentleman appearance would be very important. Yet again Pip’s tone is quite light which helps to give the impression that Pip does get out of this situation safely and that maybe the convict isn’t as bad as he seems. This gives makes it seem that Pip is keeping something from the reader which makes the reader interested and wanting to find out what they don’t know. Pip continues to say â€Å"I earnestly expressed my hope that he wouldn’t and held tighter to the tombstone on which he had put me partly to keep myself upon it and partly to keep myself from crying. † By the explanation it is clear to the reader that this is a past event because it sounds like the words of an adult who is now well educated not those of a young boy who is close to tears. This also shows that the convicts has no consideration for Pips feelings and no respect for him either as he places him on top of a gravestone which could be that of his parents. This lack of care and respect for children is what Dickens is trying to put across and wants changed. This also gives the impression that in contrast to his previous defencelessness appearance pip as a character is quite brave as he is trying to stay calm and not show that he is upset while most children would be in tears. This could be trying to show the audience that you should not judge people by class or appearance which is relevant later on in the story as the convict turns out to be a nice person of lower class while Estella is cruel and snobby because she thinks she is better than Pip because of the class she believes she belongs to. However although the adult Pip seems to be thinking he was brave the first phrase sounds quite light as if pip doesn’t want the reader to think he was weak and is making the tone less serious. This still creates sympathy for Pip because so many terrible things are happening to him. The convict wants to scare Pip into doing what he wants † A boy may lock his door may be warm in bed, may tuck himself up, may draw the clothes over his head, may think himself comfortable and safe, but that young man will softly creep and creep his way to him and tear him open. â€Å"At this point Magwitch is being very manipulative and is scaring Pip into thinking that someone he cant see or hear can see and hear him. His description is so vivid that it may also make the reader feel uneasy as if they too are being watched. Dickens creates tension with the steady build up of short actions that result in him suddenly being killed. He lists every possible thing that Pip may try to do to escape and explaining how they won’t work and that Pip is unable to escape which will leave Pip feeling completely helpless. The fact that he uses Pip’s home as the setting for this grim death which is the one place Pip should feel safe will make Pip feel trapped and that he is in danger wherever he goes. The convict is looking into the mind of a child and has picked the scenario most children fear. This is very cruel which shows how desperate he is but could also show that magwitch has had contact with children as he knows what they fear. This concept is very disturbing and as was evident from previous descriptions Pip’s imagination is already going wild. The length of the detail could be because magwitch has done what he is describing or has seen someone else do it whilst in prison. Pip’s imagination and descriptions create more images of the convict † he looked into my young eyes as if he were eluding the hands of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in. † This is pips imagination exaggerating what he sees but still makes the reader picture magwitch as something out of a horror style text. It could be that the look on his face is like he is attempting to escape from the dead and recreates Pips earlier ideas of him coming for the graves. His appearance gives a feel of how much he has been through in the fact that he is covered in mud and starving to death. However the fact that he is not being pulled into the graves proves that he is strong and either not ready or refusing to die making the reader wonder if he has an important part to play later in the story, which he does. Dickens uses sentence structures to show distance â€Å"ours was the marsh country, down by the river, with as the river wound twenty miles from the sea† This creates an instant impression that his home is very far away. The word â€Å"wound† creates the image of distance and the repetition of river creates the feeling of length. Each comma between the descriptions could resemble a new twist or turn to the river. The fact that he is so far away from his home (and society) and the sea, makes him seem very isolated and alone. Not only is he trapped in the graveyard but his home seems to be in the middle of nowhere with no place to escape to this adds to the overall feeling of helplessness that the chapter creates around Pip. The commas themselves make the sentence more difficult to understand which symbolises the feeling of Pip being lost and trapped in this place completely separate from the rest of the world. Dickens uses sentence structures to show Pip’s emotions. Pip tells the reader † at such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard, and that Philip pirrip late of this parish, and also georgianna wife of the above were dead and buried and that Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias and roger, infant children of the aforesaid, were also dead and buried, and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard intersected with dykes and mounds and gates with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes and that the low leaden line beyond was the river; and that the distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing, was the sea; and the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry was Pip. Here Dickens successfully; by use of sentence structure, captures the voice of the young Pip. † This sentence shows that Pip is getting increasingly upset with everything he is seeing. He is thinking about the deaths of his parents and brothers and beginning to realise how alone he is in the graveyard and in the world because almost his entire family is â€Å"dead and buried†. He seems to be looking around and taking in more and more at once which is shown by the fact that he keeps adding more and more descriptions to the sentence. He repeats the words â€Å"and that† after every semi-colon which effectively shows the voice of the young child as he is using limited vocabulary and making it sound like a list. This quote also how small and insignificant Pip is in his surroundings because it is such a long description until all that is left is pip. He is beginning to scare himself because he uses a metaphor describing the sea as a lair as the wind is rushing from it with such force like a wild animal waiting to attack him. This also shows a Childs imagination and fears and makes the reader want to protect Pip as he is a frightened innocent child. The sentence is extended with commas and semi-colons and everything is listed very quickly which makes Pip sound very panicky and this feeling is mirrored by the fact that the reader gets out of breath when reading it aloud. It shows a build up of all of his emotions and when the sentence ends the reader may get a sense of relief which is like the relief Pip feels when he begins to cry. Everything is described very negatively and Pip begins with the focus on the deaths of his family which shows what a depressing setting this is and makes the reader want to help Pip escape from it all. Dickens uses a long sentence to describe the convict. † A man who had been soaked in water and smothered in mud and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles and torn by briars, who limped and shivered and glared and growled; and who’s teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. † Here Pip is getting panicked again which is shown by the fast pace of the list describing magwich’s appearance. This also captures the sense of a young boy through the adult pip because although this also sounds like the speech of a child with the repetition of the word â€Å"and† at the time pip was unlikely to have noticed everything about the convict. Therefore dickens writes as the adult Pip so as to give an effective description of the convict. It also emphasises how much the convict has been through and proves that he must be strong to have survived everything Pip describes and also that he must have a purpose in his life and in the story otherwise why put himself through so much. The alliteration focuses the reader’s attention on the words â€Å"glared and growled† giving an impression that the convict is some kind of wild animal which fits well with the metaphor â€Å"distant savage lair†.

Explore the Theme of Monstrosity in Frankenstein Essay

Montrosity is a key in Frankenstein, and it affects both the Creature and Victor, whilst at the same time , Shelley argues that society is monstrous through injustices of the time and the social conventions. Frankenstein could be said to be the monster himself- when he says â€Å"miserable monster† whom â€Å"I had created†, we see Shelley implicitly suggest, through the alliterative phrase, that just as â€Å"Adam was created in God’s image† so too was the Creature born in the image of Victor. Moreover, the idea that Frankenstein is himself the monster is reinforced by â€Å"or rather cell†. â€Å"Cell† refers to a prison cell, and is used symbolically to represent the idea that just like a cell is for criminals, who perform acts of monstrousity, so to is†¦show more content†¦This idea of the female role is reinforced by the fact that as the novel progresses, the women are slowly being removed- first his Mother, then Justine and then Elizabeth- â€Å"I saw Elizabeth†¦held the corpse of my dead mother†. This presents Frankenstein’s mental degregation and ultimately, the ctalyst for the mosntrous act- so Shelley prese nts the idea of a dichotomy between man and women- Darwin supported this by suggesting the hierachy of reproducion- man and woman is better than man alone. However, it could also be argued that Frankenstein’s settings augment his monstrousity- we see a sense of isolation- â€Å"solitude† is repeated, implying that by imposing self-exile, Frankenstein detaches himself from society and its rules and that he has become an â€Å"outsider† (McCrae)- much as the monstrousity that Victor calls the Creature, is also an outsider. Indeed the connection between the two is best examined by the Shelley use of the mountain-top- â€Å"Chamonuix, where I saw him†- which alludes to the idea of the Creator and Creation meeting (Hayward), both as equal, with both,Show MoreRelatedMary Shellys Frankenstein and Ridley Scotts Blade Runner935 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Frankenstein† composed by Mary Shelley and â€Å"Blade Runner† directed by Ridley Scott Propose two of the most paramount science fiction stories as they don’t just pursue the logic of technological futurism but also present us with ideas about o ur humanity. 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